Geospatial data
Any data that includes a location, whether as coordinates, an address or an area, so it can be placed on a map and analysed spatially.
Geospatial data is any data with a location attached. That location can be coordinates, an address, a postcode, a census cell or an administrative boundary. What makes the data geospatial is not the subject matter but the presence of a location field that software can work with.
It comes in two broad forms. Vector data represents things as points, lines and polygons: a bus stop is a point, a street is a line, a district is a polygon. Raster data represents the world as a grid of cells, each holding a value, which suits continuous things like surface temperature or land cover. Most projects use both.
Two properties decide whether a dataset is usable. The coordinate reference system, which says how the coordinates map onto the earth, because two layers in different systems will not line up. And the attributes, which are the non spatial columns sitting alongside the geometry. A polygon layer of districts is only useful if the polygons carry the population, the income or the tree count you actually wanted to map.